Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Options Effectiveness

Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Options Effectiveness Effectiveness and Controversies of Disease Modifying Treatments (DMTs) Pharmacists consider Type I Interferons (IFNs) a safe long-term treatment option for RRMS and they have widely used IFNs in the past two decades. The activity of Interferon-Beta (IFNB) is similar to that of the interferon produced by the body. Studies indicate that they have the ability to reduce the rate of relapse compared to placebos. However, based on comparisons of historical data, scientists also report that the ÃŽ ²-Interferons contribute significantly to the progression of multiple sclerosis (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Incomplete recovery from MS episodes can lead to permanent disability, especially during the relapsing remitting stage of MS. Two types of interferon-beta occur and include Interferon beta-1a and non-glycosylated interferon beta-1b. Initially, medics used the type-1 Interferons for the treatment of the MS because of their antiviral nature. This was because of the tendency of viral infections to prompt the relapse of the disease (Compston Coles, 2002). One of the arguments toward the mechanism of the type 1 interferon revolves around the down regulation of the expression of the MCH class II antigens. However, researchers believe that other complex mechanisms are associated with the activity of the type-1 interferon. The side effects associated with the administration of the ÃŽ ²-Interferons are dependent the frequency, route, and dose of administration. Acyclovir can nullify the side effects before the treatment with the ÃŽ ²-Interferons (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Another DMT approved for the treatment of RRMS is Glatiramer Acetate (GA). Initial experiments showed it suppressed MS in animals. Several clinical trials indicated that GA reduced the rate of relapse of the MS compared to the placebo and this led to its approval in 1996. Medics administer the polymer through a subcutaneous injection. Reports show that the route of administration reduces the number of parameters of the disease shown during MRI (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Additionally, recent studies have reported a balance in the treatment of both GA and Interferon Beta. Since experiments show that GA lacks long-term side effects, significant in the progression of the MS, its use in the routine treatment of MS has been ongoing for over 15 years. Experiments show that the immunomodulatory activity of the GA improves the cells of the inborn and adaptive resistant system. In 2004, the FDA approved the use of Natalizumab for the treatment of RRMS. Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that directs its activity towards the ÃŽ ±-4 subunit of the integrin ÃŽ ±-4 beta 1 and the lymphocyte receptors of the ÃŽ ±-4 beta 7 lymphocytes (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). The drug blocks the interaction between the VCAM-1 ligand and the VLA-4 receptor by binding to the ÃŽ ±-4 integrin on lymphocytes. Prior to its approval, different clinical studies demonstrated remarkable activity on the relapse of MS. Of all the approved treatment, the FDA reports Natalizumab to be the most efficacious, though it has some side effects. Buzzard, Broadley, and Butzkueven, (2012) report that Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) occurs in over 200 patients treated with Natalizumab some of which have been fatal. Fingolimod is a drug administered orally. In 2004, the FDA approved it for the treatment of MS. The drug is a lysophospholipid original used in organ transplantation. Initially, medics used Fingolimod in combination with cyclosporine, but the drug was not efficacious in the prevention of organ rejection after renal transplant (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Despite this setback, clinical trials conducted later demonstrated that it reduced the progression of MS. Since the route of administering the drug is oral, it has an advantage over all the agents administered through an injection. The activity of the Fingolimod occurs through the interaction with G-protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. However, no study has been done to prove the immunomodulation activity of the drug. Alemtuzumab is another monoclonal antibody whose activity gears toward CD52, found on the surface of natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes (Azzopardi Coles, 2011). The CD52 also exists in some dendritic cells and monocytes. In addition, the Alemtuzumab is involved in the lysis of cells that express the CD52. One of the clinical trials that researched on the activity of the agent on MS patients was the CARE-MS 1 study and the researchers compared the activity to ÃŽ ¼g beta-IFN. The scientists reported a reduction in the occurrence of RRMS at the rate of 54% (Cross Naismith, 2013). The CARE-MS II study compared the agent with beta-IFN 1a in relapsed patients and reported a reduction in the rate or relapse (49%). However, the drug was reported to have adverse side effects in the two different clinical trials. The side effects reported ranged from mildly to moderately severe and the most common was the development of secondary autoimmune diseases. Additionally, scientists repor ted cases of thyroid carcinoma in the CARE-MS 1 trial. As the result of the increased interest in the use of oral therapy, in an effort to improve the compliance of the MS patients, medics are using a number of emerging agents as DMTs (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Fumaric acid is one of the emerging agents. It is administered as Dimethyl Fumarate, which is a product of the citric cycle. Medics have used Dimethyl Fumarate for many decades in the treatment of Psoriasis, especially in Germany. Studies have suggested that the agent is effective against pro inflammatory mediators, such as adhesion factors, cytokines, and chemokine in MS. Its activity is directed toward reducing NF-ÃŽÅ¡b activity and thus reducing the expressions of molecules that cause inflammation. The progression of the MS is associated with damage to cells in the central nervous system and researchers report that Fumaric acid esters offers protection against damage to these cells. Several clinical trials have used BG-12, which is a derivative of the Fumaric acid as it contains DMF. Researchers report a reduction in the rate of relapse. Lastly, medics have used other emerging agents as DMTs for MS that include Teriflunomide, Laquinimod, Alemtuzamab, Daclizumab, and B-Cell therapies. Effectiveness and Controversies of Symptomatic Treatments A collective symptom reported in patients with MS is fatigue. According to Kaminska, Kimoff, Schwartzman, and Trojan (2013), there has been an inconsistent finding in the correlation between fatigue and the extent of disability. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) measures the physical fatigue attributed to physical impairment. Depression and pain in the MS patient is also considered an indicator of the level of fatigue in the patients. The treatment used for the management of the fatigue is non-pharmacologically based CBT therapy. In addition, medics have used drugs, such as amantadine, modafinil, and pemoline in the management of the fatigue. However, the presence of undiagnosed sleep disturbance disorders is one of the confounding factors reported in testing the efficacy of these drugs. Other non-pharmacological treatments involve energy-conservation techniques and exercise, such as pacing and spacing activities (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). In cases where medics use pharmacologic al interventions in fatigued MS patients, the tolerance levels and effectiveness should determine the doses. Although walking impairment occurs gradually in patients with MS, it may be characterized with a gradual onset in some patients (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). This affects the patients balance and gait and could have emotional effect on the patients. Medics administer Dalfampridine (Ampyra) to patients with walking impairments but it is contraindicative in patients with history of renal diseases and seizures. Its activity acts toward the repair of damaged nerves as it acts as a blocker for the potassium channel and medics administer it orally. The recommended dosage for the drug is one tablet (10 mg) taken two times in day. Moreover, in two randomized controlled trials, the conclusions made by the researchers were that the dosage of 10 mg taken twice a day improved the walking speed of MS patients. However, the drug has side effects that include dizziness, nausea and nervousness (Patti, et al., 2009). The occurrence of tremors and ataxia occurs in patients with MS and the treatment is challenging. Medics manage Ataxia through rehabilitation or pharmacology through the administration of Levetiracetam, Clonazepam, Topiramate, Propranolol, and Clonazepam. Researchers report the medications to have modest effects on the Ataxia. In addition, surgical interventions that involve deep brain stimulation have been reported to be effective in some patients (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Spasticity occurs in patients with MS and it is dependent on the increase in velocity of the muscle tissues, because of increase in tone and rigidity of the motor pathway. The symptom occurs in about 75 % of the MS patients and medics can manage it through conservative techniques or drugs; either injected into the patient or administered orally (Pappalardo, Castiglione, Restivo, Calabrese, Cimino, Patti, 2006). The conservative methods involve bracing, casting, and stretching exercises (Mori, et al., 2011). Baclofen and tizanidine are the most common form of first line treatment for spasticity but are associated with side effects, such as weakness and sedation (Rizzo, Hadjimichael, Preiningerova, Vollmer, 2004). The second and third line treatments used for spasticity include dantrolene, gabapentin, and benzodiazepines. Another common system in MS is pain and it is usually because of the loss of inhibitory pathways in the spine. Demyelination or axonal loss cause acute pain in the MS patients while bladder spasms and vertebral compression cause sub-acute pain. The drugs used for the management of pain include gabapentin, pregabalin, antiepileptics and carbamazepine and they are first line treatment forms for neuropathic pains (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Cannabinoids are also efficient in pain management and medics use them to manage spinal injury and spasticity (Pertwee, 2002). Clinical depression affects about 50% of MS patients and the available treatments regimes include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors, which are all anti-depressants (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Pseudo Bulbar Affect (PBA) is a neurologic disorder that presents with symptoms such as laughing and crying and researchers report it in about 10% of the patients. The management of PBA involves the administration of quinidine sulfate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 50% of MS patients and it affects the speed at which the patient processes information, losses memory and vision, reduces verbal fluent, and reduces the attention span (Patti, et al., 2009). Researchers have tested Acetylcholinesterase in MS patients with promising results. However, a recent clinical trial disputed the efficacy of the drug. The FDA has approved other drugs, such as memantine and rivastigmine for use on Alzheimer’s patients but not MS. The conservative management of this dysfunction involves use of methods that retrain and improve on the memory and visual ability of the patients. Conclusion Current Research Strength For over two decades, researchers have conducted research on MS and the available treatments. However, even with all the research the currently available treatments have been unable to reduce the occurrence of symptoms in all the patients. The immunopathogenic factors in different patients determine their responses to the different treatments. Research conducted on the current forms of treatment shows that immunopathogenic factors have varying and unexpected results in different patients. Researchers have also been unable to determine the exact mechanisms that affect the disease process of MS. Additionally, several studies done regarding the disease reported disparities between clinical trials and animal models. Researchers agree that no single intervention is effective for halting the disease or reversing the effects of axonal degeneration and demyelination. This is an indicator that more research about MS is still in need to establish the mechanisms associated with the progression. Future Perspective Although there has been progress in research on the pathological, clinical and treatment of MS, some aspects remain unsolved. Researchers have based current research on the effort to repair the damage caused by the MS. Future researchers should aim at determining the treatments intended at healing the disease or reversing the disability attributed to MS. References Azzopardi, L., Coles, A. (2011). Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 48 (2), 79-82. Ben-Zacharia, A. B. (2011). Therapeutics for multiple sclerosis symptoms. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 78 (2), 176–191. Buzzard, K. A., Broadley, S. A., Butzkueven, H. (2012). What do effective treatments for multiple sclerosis tell us about the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis? International Journal of Molecular Science, 13 (10), 12665-12709. Compston, A., Coles, A. (2002). Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet, 359(9648), 1221–1231. Cross, A. H., Naismith, R. T. (2013). Established and novel disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Wiley, 1-19. Kaminska, M., Kimoff, R. J., Schwartzman, K., Trojan, D. A. (2013). Association between sleep disorders and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. CML Multiple Sclerosis, 5 (2), 29-38. McQualter, J. L., Bernard, C. C. (2007). Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destruction and repair. Journal of Neurochemistry, 100(2), 295–306. Mori, F., Ljoka, C., Magni, E., Codeca, C., Kusayanagi, H., Monteleone, F., Centonze, D. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation primes the effects of exercise therapy in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 258 (7), 1281–1287. Pappalardo, A., Castiglione, A., Restivo, D. A., Calabrese, A., Cimino, V., Patti, F. (2006). Pharmacologic management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Science, 27 (4), S310–S315. Patti, F., Amato, M. P., Trojano, M., Bastianello, S., Tola, M. R., Goretti, B., Luccichenti, G. (2009). Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measure in mildly disabled patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 15 (7), 779–788. Pertwee, R. G. (2002). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 95 (2), 165– 174. Rizzo, M. A., Hadjimichael, O. C., Preiningerova, J., Vollmer, T. L. (2004). Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis, 10 (2), 589-595.

Are social networking sites good for our society Essay

Are social networking sites good for our society? In todays lifestyle it is admitted that Social Network Sites bring convenience, efficiency, fast, speed and width for adolescents’ interpersonal relationship development. With various ongoing debates about why social networking may be bad for society, I have found it to be good for society. Social networking comes in many forms. It comes in the form of facebook, twitter, and even professional forums such as Linkedin. In such a fast-paced world, I find social networking to be an invaluable way of sharing ideas and interests that allow me to remain engaged. Although some may debate that social networking takes away from face to face and/or quality interactions, I have found it to be an invaluable tool in building community and networks. In fact, I believe it has given us a more effective way of communicating and engaging with one another especially in our fast-paced society. If I am on a work assignment one of my favorite tools to research is twitter. I find it to be a quick news feed and I usually learn about news first from there before learning it from the mainstream media such as television or radio. And of course facebook has been the staple for me as for many in helping us remain engaged and to keep abreast of graduations, weddings, births or other special events regarding our family and friends. Social media continues to make strides to make communication more accessible and easier for all of us. Just this week Mark Zuckerberg, founder of facebook, has announced that it is now offering a Graph Search function in order for the user to have the ability to run queries from one’s network of friends. It allows users to run queries in order to find commonalities or other areas of interest within friend networks. Twitter has allowed many in suppressed

Banking Institution Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2347 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Banking Essay Did you like this example? This chapter included several part of study. The first part of study is research background and this part is discussed overall environment and trends of internet banking in banking industry. The second part is problem statement, it is explained the important and the foundation of study. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Banking Institution Example For Free" essay for you Create order Next, there are five specific objectives of this study which are stated in the research objective. The next part of study is research question. The questions are stated the how the factors that can affect the consumers behavioral intention to use online banking in consumer view. Continue by the part of significance of the study that explain the important and contribution of the research. And the last two parts of study are chapter layout and conclusion. 1.1 Research Background Banking institution is a hub of towards economic growth and the technological innovations and delivery through electronic distribution channel is e-banking. Online banking is a practice of handling all the bank transactions through internet which enable the user to do their transactions through internet. Nowadays in a global business world, many businesses it relies on to banking information for cash flow reviews, auditing and daily financial transaction processing. Thus, with the ease of online banking, account holder can be rapid access and efficiently executed the transaction. Thus in the banking and finance field, online banking has become rapidly of revolution. Rayport and Sviokla (1994) indicated that in the future, businesses will compete not only in the physical market, but it also in the virtual market (online technology). That is there will have more and more companies will switch their business models from the physical to the virtual market (Lee, Tsai Corazon, 2011). In the past three decades, the financial institutions offered various types of new financial products or banking services to retain the existing customer and attract more new customers of the banking development. An electronic banking channel has been use as the technology adds new dimensions to the classic banking systems and grown substantially in the past few years. The self-service technologies enable the banker collecting information and communicating with customers without face-to-face interaction, it can save the transaction time and cost through the banking systems (Calisir, Gumussoy, 2008). It also can enabled banks to enhance it financial management. First introduce in the early 1980s, the banks in the financial sector has emerged the first self-service technologies that is installed the first automated teller machines (ATMs). This was followed by telephone banking services in the 1980s, and in the 1990s, with the emergence of the Internet; banks has offering web-based banking applications as extended their existing distribution channels. According to Weir, Anderson and Jack (2006), Online banking services allow customers to use remote easy access to manage bank accounts and transactions. Nowadays, banks provide a complete range of financial services through their online banking channels because they are more cost-effective than other customer-contact channels (Gopalakrisnan, Wischnevsky, Dmanpour, 2003; Polatoglu Ekin, 2001) with less staff and fewer physical branch requirements (Cheng, Lam, Yeung, 2006). In Malaysia, online banking has the potential to lead technological developments that to transform in the financial industry. In the points of view, it benefits to businesses and consumers in long term. Financial institutions in Malaysia is keep rapidly evolving technologies and taking initiatives action to improve the delivery level of channels in banking system. The change in consumer behaviour is reflected in the increasing use of elec tronic payment systems. At 1st of June 2000, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) has approved the domestic banks to leap into the Cyber Wagon. So effective from June 1st, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) allowed local banks to offer banking transaction through internet (BNM, 2000). In the same time, Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank) became the first to introduce its own Internet banking services with about 45,000 active users as at October 2000, followed by Hong Leong Bank and the others. According to Ndubisi and Sinti, 2006, the results have shown the there are still low online banking adoption in Malaysia. On the other hands, in 2002, the number of interbank GiroÂÂ  payments has been increase more than twice, while through Internet banking transfer funds and bill payments that have been conducted in on an increasing trend. According to Mattila and Dandapani (n.d), online banking services can provide speedy, save time, more accurate of data and information and convenient banking opportunit ies. In addition, customers can enjoy the new banking services benefits such as paying bills online, finding mortgages or auto loans, applying for credit cards and locating the nearest ATM or branch office. On the other hand, Internet banking offers banks many opportunities such as an additional delivery channel, low-cost banking, profitable banking, quality banking, and allows them to sell products customized to individual needs. 1.2 Problem Statement Although online banking is still on the stages of product development, this paper revealed that there are low adoption rate of online banking in Malaysia due to many consumer yet to adopt the online banking services. when business models switch from a physical to a virtual market, the constructs of attitude and behavioural intention to use cannot fully reflect users acceptance of the virtual market because user acceptance of the virtual market implies that will cause they reduce the use of the physical market. Online banking enable account holder to access their bank account in home with various banking services such as online payment, online transfer, checking balances history and so on. 1.3 Research Objectives This research objective is to determine the consumer behavior that affected their intention to adopt behavior by using online banking. It is also to identify the significant relationship between consumers view of risk. 1.3.1 General Objectives This paper is to examine the potential effects of risk on the adoption and use of new technologies services instead of the traditional point of view of the attitude and intention towards use of the self-technology services. The technology acceptance model (TAM) is utilized to investigate the attitude and behaviour towards switching to online banking. Thus, the objective of our research study is to analyze the effect of risks associated with the consumer behavioral intention to use online banking during the relatively early stages of its market development. Through this research stream, it can help us to characterize the development in banking system. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives In conclude that our main objective is: (i) To examine the relationship between financial risks and consumers behavioral intention to use online banking (ii) To examine the relationship between performance risks and consumers behavioral intention to use online banking (iii) To examine the relationship between time risks and consumers behavioral intention to use online banking (iv) To examine the relationship between social risks and consumers behavioral intention to use online banking (v) To examine the relationship between security risks and consumers behavioral intention to use online banking 1.4 Research Questions Q1: Does financial risks affect consumers behavioral intention to use online banking? Q2: Does performance risks affect consumers behavioral intention to use online banking? Q3: Does time risks affect consumers behavioral intention to use online banking? Q4: Does social risks affect consumers behavioral intention to use online banking? Q5: Does security risks affect consumers behavioral intention to use online banking? 1.5 Significance of the study Since internet banking is quite popular among consumer nowadays, most of the companies are using online banking for their business transaction. Online banking is usually for consumers to make transaction such as booking ticket online, purchasing product online, transfer money, paying utilities and so on. The importance of this study is to provide bank and consumer a brief idea on the few types of risks and the most significant risk when adopting internet banking. Based on Yu-Qian Chen (2012), trust is identified as a key mediator of fairness to customer satisfaction. Besides, risk was one of the factors which do influence the rate of adoption of internet banking in Malaysia. (Norazah, M. S., 2010). Thus this paper will figure out whether financial risk, performance risk, time risk, social risk and security risks will affect much on customer decision in using internet banking. In addition, bank also can increase their awareness on the risks so that precaution can be done earlier . By doing this, banks are able to provide an assurance to their clients so that they would able to maintain a competitive quality of service in the future and avoid from losing their clients to their competitors. (Jenkins, H., 2007). The results will helps to increases the confident level of consumer in using online banking in any kind of activities. If consumers are able to identify the types of risk in the online banking, they can deal with the online banking without any hesitation. In the study, it explained how each risk influence on consumers behavioural intention to use online banking so it is possibly useful for the consumer and bank to be aware of these risks. By gaining understanding of the reason behind the each of the risks such as financial security risk, helps consumers and companies to understand more about the risk that related to online banking and this knowledge might become the resource of their competitive advantage. To date, most Internet banking studies focus on specific countries such as U.S (Vatanasombut, Igbaria, Stylianou Rodgers, 2008; Murillo, Gerad Roberto, 2010; Lee, Rao, Clifford, Karin John, 2012), U.K (Mahmood Feroz, 2006; Bander Charles, 2010; Mark, Deirdre, Gwyneth Stephen, 2008; Frank, Stavros, Lesley, Phillip Markos, 2012), Taiwan (Ho Wu, 2009; Tsai, Huang, Liu, Tsaur Lin, 2010; Lee, Tsai, Lanting Maria, 2011), Hong Kong (Cheng, Lam Yeung, 2006; Yiu, Kevin David, 2007), Finland (Kuisma, Laukkanen Hiltunen, 2007. Numerous studies in individual countries accentuate the factors that influence consumer behavior in adopting Internet banking. Despite the importance of understanding how each risks influence on consumer behavior when adopting internet banking, this issue is not addressed in previous studies. Most studies focused narrowly only one risk in their research. For example, Norazah (2010), Yiu, Granf Edgar (2007), and Sanayei Noroozi (2009) focused on the effects of perceived risk towards the adoption of in ternet banking. Other studies mainly concentrated on the influence of perceived security on Internet banking acceptance (Hutchinson Warren, 2003; Subsorn Limwiriyakul, 2012; Katariina, Sudhir, Hannu Nina, 2008) Nevertheless, there is also a limited finding for the types of risk that influences consumer behavior in adopting Internet banking in Malaysia. It is evidence from the literature that the past technology adoption research has primarily enhanced and focus on the positive utility gain to the system adoption such as ease of use, perceived usefulness and so on (Featherman and Pavlon, 2003). Some of the researcher (Johnson, 2004) has argued that the consumer research has forgotten about the risk.For instance, Zavareh, Ariff, Jusoh, Zakuan Bahari, 2012 only test on the reliability of the internet banking while Norazah, 2010 examined on factor affecting the Internet banking adoption among consumers which include perceived risk. Besides, Mozie, Ghazali Mustapha, 2012 focused on the perceived trustworthiness and behavioral intention to use Internet banking. In Malaysia, previous studies examined on internet banking acceptance were limited too. For example, Sadiq Sohail Shanmugham (2003) found that internet accessibility, security concerns and customers reluctance to change had significantly influence the adoption of internet banking. Based on Norazah, M. S. (2010) findings, it indicated that perceived risk has a significant negative relationship with internet banking adoption is rejected. So risk is considered by user when adopting internet banking. Noorizan, Munirah Norfazlina (2012) figure out that perceived integrity, perceived trustworthiness, perceived benevolence and perceived ability has low to moderate degree of relationship towards behavioral intention where perceived integrity found to be the most important dimension towards the consumer intention to use e-banking service. Hence, this study needs to find out the main reason behind on how m any percentages of non-internet banking acceptances in Malaysia. Despite the importance of understanding how each risks influence on consumer behavior when adopting internet banking, this issue is not addressed in previous studies. Most studies focused narrowly only one risk in their research. For example, Norazah (2010), Yiu, Granf Edgar (2007), and Sanayei Noroozi (2009) focused on the effects of perceived risk towards the adoption of internet banking. Other studies mainly concentrated on the influence of perceived security on Internet banking acceptance (Hutchinson Warren, 2003; Subsorn Limwiriyakul, 2012; Katariina, Sudhir, Hannu Nina, 2008) Therefore, in order to fill these gaps, this study examines five types of risk such as financial risk, security risk, performance risk, time risk and social risk that influence consumer behavior in adopting online banking. 1.6 Chapter layout In chapter 1, this paper has explained the purposes and importance of this study in the problem statement and the significant of the study. Besides, this paper sets forth the research objective to be achieved, research questions to be answered, research background. While in chapter 2, this paper will provide the detailed explanations of the independent variables and dependent variables that this paper are studying. The process of identifying the relevant data source and extracting the relevant information will be involved during writing the literature review. Next will be chapter 3, this paper are describing how the research will be carried out in term of research design, data collection method, sampling design, research instrument and construct measurement. By the way, the linkage to chapter 4 will be provided in data processing, data analysis and the conclusion of this chapter. This chapter presents the pattern of the result and analyses of the result which are relevant to the re search question and hypothesis. Besides, this paper is going to use the SPSS software to assist us in analyzing and understanding the result of the research. Last but not least, summary of the statistical analyses and major finding will be given in chapter 5 and also implication and limitation of the study will be discussed. In addition to this, recommendation for the future research and the overall conclusion of the entire project will be provided. 1.7 Conclusion In chapter 1, this paper has introduced the research topic by discussing the background, importance, objective, purpose and the relevant variable of the study. In addition, this paper also outlined each chapter of the research report in this chapter. The further relevant information and variables that related to the study will be discussed in chapter 2.

The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay

Stem Cells Few scientific issues in recent years have managed to draw as much attention, both scientific and otherwise, than stem cell research. I was first introduced to the term ‘stem cells’ when I was in high school, and since then, I have had a keen interest in the direction science is taking them. When considering medical research as a whole, stem cells appear to have the makings of a 21st century medical revolution a la discovery of antibiotics . The open-ended nature of stems cells has been recognized by many in the community who see these cells as the golden key for curing and ameliorating many degenerative diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s, and heart disease, as well as accidental damage such as a spinal cord injury.†¦show more content†¦The few stem cell lines that have been established are simply not a viable solution for the entire population. One way to remedy this problem would be through the establishment of a bank that contained hundreds of cell lines. This would increase the chance of a patient finding a match and thus decreasing the chance of an unfavorable immune response. However, the current administration has shown a continued unwillingness to increase our stem cell bank, a move which might prove to be less than smart for a country trying to remain at the forefront of medicinal research. An apparently convenient solution to this dilemma appeared not long ago in the form of a sheep. In 1997, a lab Edinburgh, Scotland developed a technique which showed that it was indeed possible to reprogram the nucleus of an adult cell. Their novel approach was based on the following: A unfertilized egg contains a large amount of jelly-like material known as the cytoplasm which contains factors that under normal circumstances reprogram the incoming sperm nucleus such that an embryo is formed. However, these factors are also capable of reprogramming an adult cell’s nucleus that can be injected into the egg. By removing the egg’s own nucleus and replacing it with one from an adult cell, it is possible for this hybrid cell to become an embryo. This greatest benefit from this technique is that because the egg is never fertilized, scientists are able to take advantage of theseShow MoreRelatedThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStates, research has become a viable tool for sustaining and prolonging human life. As research evolves, it brings along with it much controversy, especially where stem cell research is involved. Stem cell research can bring new insight to today’s medical field. This may be the way of finding solutions concerning many health injuries and diseases which would diversely be thought of as implausible. Thoughts can be influenced by Deborah White, in Pros Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, â€Å"EmbryonicRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe Controversy Over Stem Cell Research In a lab at the University of California, a scientist carefully isolates several cells and locates them to a petry dish. A few days later, he returns to find the cells pulsating like a human heart (Gorman 58). This account has actually been occurring at several scientific labs across the nation. These cells, known as stem cells, produce nearly all the other cells and tissues found in the human body (Sobel Sep 4, 22). Intensive research has found that whenRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2353 Words   |  10 PagesThe Moral Debate over Stem Cell Research President George W. Bush looked stern and confident as he addressed the American people on August 9th, 2001. It was an historic day for the 43rd president, as he explained the debate surrounding embryonic stem cell research, including its possible benefits for science but also its problems surrounding morals and ethics. â€Å"The issue is debated within the church, with people of different faiths, even many of the same faith coming to different conclusionsRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research2589 Words   |  11 Pagesof stem cells can become a very controversial subject in the scientific research world. Stem cells serve as an internal repair system to restore other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. By doing so, many fatal and untreatable diseases such as leukemia and Parkinson’s would be able to be treated and cured. The origination of stem cells is what stirs up great controversy across the nation and among the world. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells:Read MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of stem cell research does not affect me so much at the moment. It might in the future, but for now it does not. I do believe that stem cell research should be used for cloning organs that will be used for organ transplants. I do not however think that parents should place the doctors on pedestals just because these â€Å"mad scientists† supposedly have the power of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of heated debate does intrigue me, but not to the point as to where I would makeRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research1025 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Should stem cell research be allowed? Stem cell research has been a major biological breakthrough in recent years. It has great potential to help people and ease suffering. But there is also a moral question raised about stem cell research, and that comes from the source of stem cells. Ever since Stem Cell research started, there has been much debate over whether or not it should be allowed. Some people are completely against stem cell research becauseRead More The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay3495 Words   |  14 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cells are the newest hot topic in biological research. Very few other ongoing areas of research have been the focus of numerous articles, Presidential and Congressional scrutiny, and numerous ethical debates played out in the national media. This ongoing focus on stem cells is due in part to their amazing potential and in part to the controversial nature of one type of stem cell—the embryonic stem cell. The key question that is being dealt with is the issueRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2717 Words   |  11 PagesStem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cell Use Controversial Despite the strong consensus in America against creating embryos to destroy them, those actually involved in embryo research no longer see any serious ethical problem in it. Now the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) says that ASRMs ethical guidelines permit the creation of human embryos to destroy them. Some even argue that such research is morally superior to the use of spare embryos, because the egg and sperm donorsRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages(Engebreston, 2006). In today’s world medical research and technology is rapidly changing and there are increasing ethical conflicts between science and religion particularly with the recent harvest and research of embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells has been described by â€Å"Chris McDonald, stem cell research centre, 2008† as one of the most significant breakthroughs of this century in biomedicine. The focus question within this rese arch assignment is, it is right to regard an embryoRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay examples1237 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Extraordinary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases is believed, by many experts, to lie behind the curtain of stem cell research. Very few other areas of research have received this much attention from the media, political leaders and various groups and organizations from around the nation. The responsiveness to this issue has been incredible because of the potential of these studies as well as the most controversial aspect of the research; The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay The Moral Debate over Stem Cell Research President George W. Bush looked stern and confident as he addressed the American people on August 9th, 2001. It was an historic day for the 43rd president, as he explained the debate surrounding embryonic stem cell research, including its possible benefits for science but also its problems surrounding morals and ethics. â€Å"The issue is debated within the church, with people of different faiths, even many of the same faith coming to different conclusions,† Bush said. â€Å"Many people are finding that the more they know about stem cell research, the less certain they are about the right ethical and moral conclusions.† The president made it clear the specific benefits of using embryonic stem cells,†¦show more content†¦Embryonic Stem Cells – Life or not? The crucial question in this debate is whether the embryonic stem cells that will be killed to further research are alive or not – and even if they are, what exactly is the scientist killing? James A. O’Donohoe, PhD (Church Law and Moral Theology) of Lexington, Mass., and a retired priest of 57 years after graduating from the University of Louvain (Belgium), the oldest Catholic University in the world, has a belief that co-exists with Roman Catholic teachings. â€Å"A person will die [if you don’t perform embryonic stem cell research], that’s the appealing argument,† he said. â€Å"But you can’t disregard a human being.† Embryonic stem cells are master cells formed soon after fertilization that can develop into all the cell types in the body, including brain, blood, muscle, and skin. In a November 6th, 1998 Washington Post article by health science writer Rick Weiss, the discovery of isolating embryonic stem cells was publicized. â€Å"The long-awaited discovery of so-called human embryonic stem cells – the primordial human cells that give rise to all the specialized tissues in a developing fetus – was hailed by researchers as a landmark event with vast biomedical potential,† wrote Weiss. The belief of those opposed to embryonic stem cellShow MoreRelatedThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStates, research has become a viable tool for sustaining and prolonging human life. As research evolves, it brings along with it much controversy, especially where stem cell research is involved. Stem cell research can bring new insight to today’s medical field. This may be the way of finding solutions concerning many health injuries and diseases which would diversely be thought of as implausible. Thoughts can be influenced by Deborah White, in Pros Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, â€Å"EmbryonicRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe Controversy Over Stem Cell Research In a lab at the University of California, a scientist carefully isolates several cells and locates them to a petry dish. A few days later, he returns to find the cells pulsating like a human heart (Gorman 58). This account has actually been occurring at several scientific labs across the nation. These cells, known as stem cells, produce nearly all the other cells and tissues found in the human body (Sobel Sep 4, 22). Intensive research has found that whenRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research2589 Words   |  11 Pagesof stem cells can become a very controversial subject in the scientific research world. Stem cells serve as an internal repair system to restore other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. By doing so, many fatal and untreatable diseases such as leukemia and Parkinson’s would be able to be treated and cured. The origination of stem cells is what stirs up great controversy across the nation and among the world. Until rec ently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells:Read MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of stem cell research does not affect me so much at the moment. It might in the future, but for now it does not. I do believe that stem cell research should be used for cloning organs that will be used for organ transplants. I do not however think that parents should place the doctors on pedestals just because these â€Å"mad scientists† supposedly have the power of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of heated debate does intrigue me, but not to the point as to where I would makeRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research1025 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Should stem cell research be allowed? Stem cell research has been a major biological breakthrough in recent years. It has great potential to help people and ease suffering. But there is also a moral question raised about stem cell research, and that comes from the source of stem cells. Ever since Stem Cell research started, there has been much debate over whether or not it should be allowed. Some people are completely against stem cell research becauseRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cells Few scientific issues in recent years have managed to draw as much attention, both scientific and otherwise, than stem cell research. I was first introduced to the term ‘stem cells’ when I was in high school, and since then, I have had a keen interest in the direction science is taking them. When considering medical research as a whole, stem cells appear to have the makings of a 21st century medical revolution a la discovery of antibiotics . The open-ended nature of stems cells hasRead More The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay3495 Words   |  14 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cells are the newest hot topic in biological research. Very few other ongoing areas of research have been the focus of numerous articles, Presidential and Congressional scrutiny, and numerous ethical debates played out in the national media. This ongoing focus on stem cells is due in part to their amazing potential and in part to the controversial nature of one type of stem cell—the embryonic stem cell. The key question that is being dealt with is the issueRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2717 Words   |  11 PagesStem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cell Use Controversial Despite the strong consensus in America against creating embryos to destroy them, those actually involved in embryo research no longer see any serious ethical problem in it. Now the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) says that ASRMs ethical guidelines permit the creation of human embryos to destroy them. Some even argue that such research is morally superior to the use of spare embryos, because the egg and sperm donorsRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages(Engebreston, 2006). In today’s world medical research and technology is rapidly changing and there are increasing ethical conflicts between science and religion particularly with the recent harvest and research of embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells has been described by â€Å"Chris McDonald, stem cell research centre, 2008† as one of the most significant breakthroughs of this century in biomedicine. The focus question within this rese arch assignment is, it is right to regard an embryoRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay examples1237 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Extraordinary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases is believed, by many experts, to lie behind the curtain of stem cell research. Very few other areas of research have received this much attention from the media, political leaders and various groups and organizations from around the nation. The responsiveness to this issue has been incredible because of the potential of these studies as well as the most controversial aspect of the research; The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay The Controversy Over Stem Cell Research In a lab at the University of California, a scientist carefully isolates several cells and locates them to a petry dish. A few days later, he returns to find the cells pulsating like a human heart (Gorman 58). This account has actually been occurring at several scientific labs across the nation. These cells, known as stem cells, produce nearly all the other cells and tissues found in the human body (Sobel Sep 4, 22). Intensive research has found that when these stem cells are grafted with human tissue, new tissue is formed and the diseases found in that tissue are cured. These diseases can include Parkinsons, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis (Gorman 58). Embryonic stem cells hold the†¦show more content†¦Due to this topic being so controversial, many people such as Senators, the media, and cartoonists have been voicing their opinions publicly. One such public opinion is a political cartoon created by Gary Varvel. A scientist is shown throwing embryos into an active volcano labeled Stem Cell Research. Behind him are three barbarians carrying a platform filled with cans of human embryos exactly like the one the scientist is emptying into the volcano. The scientist is asking the barbarians, What makes you think this is human sacrifice? From the cartoon, one can determine that Gary Varvel is against stem cell research. The main idea that Varvel is trying to express is found within the connection between the scientist and the barbarians. Varvel is trying to tell people that they are being led around by the scientists and others who will gain economically from stem cell research, which is exactly like the way the scientist is leading the barbarians. The reason that the barbarians look confused is expressing the fact that people do not know exactly what is going on and why the scientists are experimenting with embryonic stem cells. If people did know the truth, they would probably try to stop it. Varvel is also trying to express the fact that these people who can gain from stem cell research really do not care about the results or consequences of it. Varvel draws the scientist shaking the can of embryosShow MoreRelatedThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStates, research has become a viable tool for sustaining and prolonging human life. As research evolves, i t brings along with it much controversy, especially where stem cell research is involved. Stem cell research can bring new insight to today’s medical field. This may be the way of finding solutions concerning many health injuries and diseases which would diversely be thought of as implausible. Thoughts can be influenced by Deborah White, in Pros Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, â€Å"EmbryonicRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2353 Words   |  10 PagesThe Moral Debate over Stem Cell Research President George W. Bush looked stern and confident as he addressed the American people on August 9th, 2001. It was an historic day for the 43rd president, as he explained the debate surrounding embryonic stem cell research, including its possible benefits for science but also its problems surrounding morals and ethics. â€Å"The issue is debated within the church, with people of different faiths, even many of the same faith coming to different conclusionsRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research2589 Words   |  11 Pagesof stem cells can become a very controversial subject in the scientific research world. Stem cells serve as an internal repair system to restore other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. By doing so, many fatal and untreatable diseases such as leukemia and Parkinson’s would be able to be treated and cured. The origination of stem cells is what stirs up great controversy across the nation and among the world. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells:Read MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of stem cell research does not affect me so much at the moment. It might in the future, but for now it does not. I do believe that stem cell research should be used for cloning organs that will be used for organ transplants. I do not however think that parents should place the doctors on pedestals just because these â€Å"mad scientists† supposedly have the power of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of heated debate does intrigue me, but not to the point as to where I would makeRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research1025 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Should stem cell research be allowed? Stem cell research has been a major biological breakthrough in recent years. It has great potential to help people and ease suffering. But there is also a moral question raised about stem cell research, and that comes from the source of stem cells. Ever since Stem Cell research started, there has been much debate over whether or not it should be allowed. Some people are completely against stem cell research becauseRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cells Few scientific issues in recent years have managed to draw as much attention, both scientific and otherwise, than stem cell research. I was first introduced to the term ‘stem cells’ when I was in high school, and since then, I have had a keen interest in the direction science is taking them. When considering medical research as a whole, stem cells appear to have the makings of a 21st century medical revolution a la discovery of antibiotics . The open-ended nature of stems cells hasRead More The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay3495 Words   |  14 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cells are the newest hot topic in biological research. Very few other ongoing areas of research have been the focus of numerous articles, Presidential and Congressional scrutiny, and numerous ethical debates played out in the national media. This ongoing focus on stem cells is due in part to their amazing potential and in part to the controversial nature of one type of stem cell—the embryonic stem cell. The key question that is being dealt with is the issueRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2717 Words   |  11 PagesStem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cell Use Controversial Despite the strong consensus in America against creating embryos to destroy them, those actually involved in embryo research no longer see any serious ethical problem in it. Now the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) says that ASRMs ethical guidelines permit the creation of human embryos to destroy them. Some even argue that such research is morally superior to the use of spare embryos, because the egg and sperm donorsRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages(Engebreston, 2006). In today’s world medical research and technology is rapidly changing and there are increasing ethical conflicts between science and religion particularly with the recent harvest and research of embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells has been described by â€Å"Chris McDonald, stem cell research centre, 2008† as one of the most significant breakthroughs of this century in biomedicine. The focus question within this rese arch assignment is, it is right to regard an embryoRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay examples1237 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Extraordinary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases is believed, by many experts, to lie behind the curtain of stem cell research. Very few other areas of research have received this much attention from the media, political leaders and various groups and organizations from around the nation. The responsiveness to this issue has been incredible because of the potential of these studies as well as the most controversial aspect of the research;