Polemics On Veiling Egyptian Women In The Twentieth Century Essays

Polemics On Veiling Egyptian Women In The Twentieth Century Introduction .. so much energy has been expended by Muslim men and then Muslim women to remove the veil and by others to affirm or restore it .. (Ahmed 167). This paper explores these efforts in two specific stages: the first and the last thirds of the twentieth century. Through an analysis of some of the various arguments on the veil, I will try to induce some general characteristics of the debate on the issue and on women during these two specific periods of time. The starting point will be Kasim Amin's Tahrir el Mara'a (Liberation of Woman) and the counter argument of Talat Harb's Tarbiet el Mara'a wal Hijab, (Educating Women and the Veil). The debate between those two protagonists which has become a prototype of the debate on the veil throughout the century (Ahmed P. 164). Malak Hefni Nassif's and Hoda Sha'arawi's attitudes towards the veil represent an interesting insight to two different interpretations of the hijab issue by feminist activists that prevail throughout the century. The whole synthesis of this early debate is then put in juxtaposition to the debate later in the century as represented by the avalanche of literature on the topic in the seventies, the views of some famous sheikhs like Mohammed Metwally el Shaarawi and others, and the heated debate initiated by the Minister of Education's decree of 1994 to prevent school administrations from imposing the hijab on girls as part of the uniform. The Early Debate Kasim Amin's Tahrir El-Mara'a (Published 1899) It may not be an exaggeration to say that Amin's Tahrir al-Mara'a was one of the most controversial book in Egypt's modern history. It has ignited a strong debate and prompted more than thirty reaction articles and books either to defy or assert his argument against the veil (Ahmed P. 164). The ideas of the book were not totally new, they echoed the writings of some writers like Mariam al-Nahhas (1856-1888), Zaynab Fawwaz (1860-1914), Aisha al-Taymuriah (1840-1902), and Murqus Fahmi's (a Coptic lawyer) four act play Al Mar'ah fi al-Sharq or (The Woman in the East) (Badran P. 19). Yet, Amin's book double-scored for coming from a Muslim judge and for his overt proposal to unveiling women's faces. His words were not the only challenge to the existing notions of the hijab, it was his caliber as a Moslim judge that has vocalized his call to unveil women and gave his book importance. After an introduction loaded with emotional phrases on the degradation of the Egyptian woman and an exaltation of the European woman, the book is divided into four sections: Educating women, Women's veil, The woman and the nation, and Marriage and divorce. Amin starts his argument calling for the Hijab Shara'ei stating that the Hijab in its form then (covering the face, the hair and the whole body) was not mandated by the Shari'aa. He further adds that he was not calling for the extreme of the West which makes the woman liable to seduction (Amin P. 65). The argument against the veil is in two sections: The religious section which is mainly text interpretation and some Hadith that prompt women to cover the hair and the whole body except for the hands and the face; and the social (practical / everyday life) perspective. The later section includes social ideas such as the inconvenience for women with their faces covered to dwell in business, to testify in courts or to get engaged (as the groom should see her face first). Furthermore, he argues that unveiling would make women watch their behaviors as they could be recognized and hence their reputation would be at stake if they did any wrong. Still, from the practical social point of view, the flimsy bourqo' (face cover) used was more tempting as it makes the viewer curious to see what was intended to be hidden. He further argues that, if women are imprisoned in the hareem (part of the house where women are secluded), then even if they did not commit any shameful act, it would not be due to any virtue in them, but to the fact that they did not have the freedom to do otherwise. Amin accuses the veil of being a barrier to women's development and education (P. 85), arguing that it deprived her from interacting with the society and learning how to live. He illustrates by comparing the ignorant peasant with the elite urban lady who can speak French and plays the piano, and concludes that the ignorat peasant would be

Cultural Difference Paper Essay Example

Cultural Difference Paper Essay Example Cultural Difference Paper Essay Cultural Difference Paper Essay Cultural Differences Paper Psychology 535 September 20, 2010 Cultural Differences Paper In the following paper two multicultural concepts have been selected, which are individualism versus collectivism and sexual identity/orientation. Then, I will analyze individualism versus collectivism and sexual identity/orientation. Last, I will point out the significance in understanding cultural differences. Individualism versus collectivism Culture can be defined as a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community (Wade Tavris, 2006). Culture has a profound effect on people’s lives and they fail to appreciate the deep influence. Some people think of culture as a light veneer on human behavior, or maybe a source of useful information for tourist travel. â€Å"Today many psychologists recognize that culture is just as powerful and influence on personality and behvaior as any biological process†, (Wade Tavris, 2006). I do not think that it is easy to see how cultural rules affect one’s one personality, for example if I was asked the question â€Å"who are you†, I am sure that my response will be influenced by my cultural background, in particular whether my culture emphasizes individualism or community. In individualist cultures, this is â€Å"a culture in which an emphasis is placed on the rights and desires of an individual rather than of the larger community. In these cultures, personal achievement and assertiveness is prized and there is a strong sense of competition. Independence is also seen as more important than conformity†, (Dictionary of Media Studies Dictionary of Media StudiesDictionary of Media Studies, 2006). In collectivist cultures, this is â€Å"a culture that places an emphasis on the needs and achievements of the group rather than of the individual. Personal achievement and assertiveness is considered less important than conformity to society and an ‘unselfish attitude’. Such communities have a strong sense of family and community†, (Dictionary of Media Studies, 2006). Some average differences between individualist and collectivist cultures is that members of individualist cultures define the self as autonomous, independent of groups, give priority to individual, personal goals, they value independence, leadership, achievement and self-fulfillment, they give more weight to an individual’s attitudes and preferences than to group norms as explanations of behavior and they attend to the benefits and costs of relationships; if costs exceed advantages, a person is likely to drop a relationship (Wade Tavris, 2006). Members of collectivist cultures define the self as an independent part of groups, they give priority to the needs and goals of the group, the value group harmony, duty, obligation, and security, they give more weight to group norms than to individual attitudes as explanations of behavior and they attend to the needs of group members; if a relationship is beneficial to the group but costly to the individual, the individual is likely to stay in the relationship (Wade Tavris, 2006). I also read that in a revealing study comparing Japanese and Americans, the Americans reported that their sense of self changes only 5 to 10 percent in different situations, whereas the Japanese said that 90 to 99 percent of their sense changes (de Rivera, 1989). Sexual identity/orientation Sexual orientation is â€Å"a term used to identify a persons sexual attraction toward persons of a particular gender. Those sexually attracted to the opposite sex are said to display a heterosexual orientation, those attracted to the same sex, a homosexual orientation and to both, bisexual† (The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology, 2009). Sexual identity is â€Å"ones identity with respect to sexual orientation† (The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology, 2009). Evolutionary psychologists believe that gender roles and sexual scripts (sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender) reflect hard-wired biological sex differences that resulted from natural selection. In contrast, social and cultural psychologists believe that gender roles and sexual scripts reflect a culture’s economic, demographic, and social arrangements (Wade Tavris, 2006). In most cases it is hard to find the origin of sexual orientation because the sexual identity and behaviors take different forms. Some people are attracted to men and women, and some are heterosexual in behavior but have homosexual fantasies. Some men, such as prisoners, are homosexual in their behvaior because they lack opportunity for heterosexual sex, but they do not define themselves as gay and prefer women sex partners. In some cultures, teenage boys go through a homosexual phase that they do not define as homosexual and that does not affect their future relations with women. In today’s world there are many different culture therefore there are many sexual orientation/identity differences. Culture differences differ widely in determining what parts of the body people learn are erotic, which sexual acts are considered erotic or repulsive, and whether sex itself is good or bad (Wade Tavris, 2006). Research on sexuality can be used for many purposes and political goals, depending on the values and attitudes of the culture in which such findings emerge. Conclusion In conclusion after reading this paper, two multicultural concepts have been selected, which were individualism versus collectivism and sexual identity/orientation. Then, I have analyzed individualism versus collectivism and sexual identity/orientation. Next, I have pointed out the significance in understanding cultural differences. Lastly, I have included some examples about Japanese and American cultures in regard to individualist and collectivist cultures. References: individualist. (2006). In Dictionary of Media Studies. Retrieved from credoreference. com/entry/dictmedia/individualist collectivist. Dictionary of Media Studies. London: AC Black, 2006. Credo Reference. Web. 20 September 2010. De Rivera, Joseph (1989). Comparing experiences across cultures; Shame and guilt in America and Japan. Hiroshima Forum for Psychology,14, 13-20. sexual orientation. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. London: Penguin, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 20 September 2010. sexual identity. The Pe nguin Dictionary of Psychology. London: Penguin, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 20 September 2010 Wade, C. , Tavris, C. (2006). Psychology (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Case Of Alyeska Pipeline Services Company V. Wilderness Society

When it comes to the Case Of Alyeska Pipeline Services Company V. Wilderness Society, Justia states that, â€Å"Under the American Rule that attorneys fees are not ordinarily recoverable by the prevailing litigant in federal litigation in the absence of statutory authorization, respondents, which had instituted litigation to prevent issuance of Government permits required for construction of the trans-Alaska oil pipeline†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Justia, n.d.). The court’s analysis that the legislature needs to address is the lawyer’s fees because the legislature has a lot of power when it comes to enacting, amending, and repeal the public policy and can have more authority than any other aspect of the government. The legislature can have more authority on what laws to be passed that includes lawyer fees and the legislature can attempt to change the lawyer fees. There is some resistance when it comes to liberalizing lawyers’ fees awards because some individuals feel that i t should not be liberalized and that it is not the legislatures place to handle this issue and shouldn’t be concerned with the issue. Another approach to this would be the approach of proportionate responsibility. This proportionate responsibility will be best for everyone involved so that everyone involved does have some responsibility and that the responsibility does not just land on one persons shoulder but instead, everyone has a responsibility. The benefits in the long run of following the judges’ rules is that the individuals understands and knows what can and cannot be done according to the judges orders. The disadvantages of following the judges rules is that in most cases people have knowingly disobeyed a judges orders and has ended up paying for that by getting put in jail or being fined. Yes, on a personal level I feel litigation will not influence me in any way when dealing with cases despite the fact that the other side may have also began using the tactic. According to attorney-client privilege.org, attorney-client privilege is, â€Å"is a kind of ‘right to confidentiality’. This means that all the communications between a lawyer and his clients would remain confidential and would not be released to a third party, during or after the conversation is over.† (attorney-client privilege.org, 2014). The extent that the public records or open meeting laws should override the privilege is if there is a life or death situation involved then the public records and open meeting should be disclosed then and only then. I do feel that the need for lawyers to act zealously to win cases does explain why the lawyers can sometimes act in immoral ways when in a court and dealing with cases that they are a defense attorney for. These attorneys feel there is a certain reputation that he or she needs to uphold to the public, judge, and those who he is defending. However, some lawyers can get too far into their job that they may feel they have to act in an immoral way in order to get the results he or she feels needs to be accomplished or feels is desired by to those who he or she is defending. The lawyers’ fees should be handled by the legislation because the legislation has more power than any other aspect of the government as they can enact, repeal, or amend a law. This being said that is why the legislature should be involved with lawyers’ fees. Proportionate responsibility should also be taken care of as responsibility should not just fall on one persons’ shoulders. Attorney-client privilege should be available to the public only if there is a life or death situation at hand. Lawyer’s also sometimes act immorally as they may feel they have a reputation to uphold to the individual they are defending, the judge, and the rest of the public.

Internet Marketing a Practical Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 54

Internet Marketing a Practical Approach - Essay Example Quality fraud and scams are a common occurrence when products are purchased online. This is not only the supplier’s fault but is also the fault of the buyer because of the lack of enough product specification details. Small business owners in most cases seek the products with the lowest price in order to gain profit once they sell them. In their bid to find the lowest price, they compromise the quality of these products and do not bother with providing all the necessary details that would facilitate quality. On the other hand, the suppliers take advantage of the fact that the business is online and the slacking nature of the buyer and hence suppliers materials of low quality. Quality issues matter because there are laws against low quality or illegal products being imported in different nations and especially in the US and Europe. Business owners found with quality compromised products are bound to be jailed or heavily fined. If a small business owner id heavily fined, the small business is likely to go into receivership. To avoid all these complications, small business owners should be mindful of the quality of the supplier and the products before purchasing and shipping them. Enough research about the online supplier as well as making all the necessary specifications of the products should be counterchecked before a final order is sent. As mentioned above, the quality fraud problem for small businesses may the fault of the supplier or importer. The consensus, in this case, is for each of the parties to carry out their part according to the instructions provided. The importer to clearly and exhaustively specify the products and the supplier to ensure they deliver the products as specified and adhere to the quality standards. This will ensure a mutually beneficial relationship for not only the present transaction but future ones as well.  

Communication Justice, Rights and Law class task 1 Case Study

Communication Justice, Rights and Law class task 1 - Case Study Example According to Article 33, it is the countrys responsibility to discourage racial, parochial, sectarian, tribal, and provincial discrimination among the citizens. In this case, Kinyua (2014) asserts that the citizens in context are Muslim citizens. As it has been indicated above, Pakistan is a Muslim country where every person within the confinement of her territories, including Asia Bibi and her family, are required to heed to these provisions. The fact of this matter is that Asia Bibi was living within the Pakistan’s territories. In this case, she was under the laws and regulations that governed the nation. In this case, it is reported that she insulted her fellow workers in the name of Islam. Accordingly, she takes water from the same well as the Muslims. Not only did she commit the heinous act, but also she professed her religion (Christianity) by indicating that it is superior that Islamic. According to the evidence presented during the proceeding, Asia Bibi committed a capital crime of blaspheming prophet Mohamed. All these offences committed by Asia Bibi carry specified punishments according to â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Section 295 C of the Pakistan Penal Code†¦..†, Bryant (2009). The penal code provides f or 3 years imprisonment for making any sound or uttering of any word or making any gesture with deliberate intent of hurting the religious feelings of other persons. In addition, mandatory Death sentence and fine are provided in section 295C for any person who uses derogatory remarks, written, spoken, indirectly, or directly defiles or blasphemes the name of Muhammad. Furthermore, the section affirms that the presiding judge in this matter should be a Muslim faithful and the witness presented by non-Muslims will carry less weight in such proceedings. In this case, Asia Bibi was legally and properly convicted of the blasphemy charges and hence the death sentence issued and the fine imposed was done according to the provision of the law,

Snow White Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

Snow White Gender Roles Essay The story of Snow White begins as all other fairy tales. The lovely queen bares a beautiful little girl but doesn’t get the chance to see her grow up. Snow Whites father remarried a beautiful woman and she just knew she was the most beautiful woman ever. Snow White became older and her beauty began to show more and more as the days went by, more beauty then the queen had. Of course the queen became very upset with this and ordered that Snow White was killed so that she can take back her place as the prettiest in the land. The hunter found Snow White in the woods but he couldn’t kill her. He told her to run away and to never come back home and gave the queen a pig’s heart instead. Snow mad her way to a little cottage and stayed there until the queen found out what happened she found her and poisoned her. End the end the queen died and Snow was saved by her prince and rode off into the sunset. Now in this story there are many males’ roles and only two females and they have many roles they each portray in a fairy-tale. Snow White’s gender roles included; the evil queen, the hero, and the damsel in distress. The queen is usually mean throughout the entire story, but in this one she wasn’t always this way. When snow white was little the queen was a somewhat nice/decent person until she Johnson pg.2 realized her step daughter looked better than her. Now in reality this is possible maybe not in the since of the step mother killing the child but getting rid of them. They more envy she gives off the more disturbing she becomes because she is no longer focused on her on wellbeing but hurting someone else. Sometimes females get so carried up with what other girls are doing trying to make them look bad but they forget all about taking care of themselves. The queen thought that killing snow white would make her life easier but it only got worse every time she tried until she met her death. Women get to the point where trying to make someone else suffers and end being the one hurt in the end because they put too much effort. The hero in this story would be of course the handsome prince who saves little snow white and brings her back to life. In reality a woman’s hero is not necessarily someone who saves our live but the one who is there in our time of need. The prince knew nothing of snow white until he seen her in the glass coffin. He only shows up when she needs help kind of like now when a woman is need sometimes a nice man just comes along to help and to make our day better. The seven dwarfs were like family to snow. They gave her somewhere to stay and food to eat as long as she does the chores. In life if you have an issue there is always a family member that will take you and help you out through those hard times. Now as far as snow white herself would be the damsel in distress. A beautiful young lady who has someone out to get her but then is rescued by the man of her dreams. In her role there is nothing she can do except run away and let other want to they just were never taught to do so. A royal persons role in life is stand there give orders and to look nice. Therefore they don’t learn the basic roles of survival. So with the descriptions of all the characters we now see that the role of the men in this story is to protect Johnson pg. 3 roles of the women were to look pretty and do no outside work. The narrative’s point of view of snow white was kind of hard to understand but as I continued to read I understood exactly what he/she was trying to say. The witch from the narrator’s view was that she grew to be so evil is because snow became so beautiful so fast, she thought that everyone else would forget all about her and that she would never be loved again. The more the story went on the more jealous the queen got. It even got to the point to where she changed her identity just to set snow up for death. The narrator makes the queen seem like the absolute worst person on earth but she actually is just like any other woman who felt someone is threating her territory and took action to stop it. Snow White is supposed to be the typical princess who picks out the pretty dresses and waits for her handsome prince to come sweep her off her feet. The narrator describes her as the princess who has to work for what she wants. Princesses don’t run away from the castle because their step mother is trying to kill them. Snow had to hide herself in order to live. She had to find a home, food, and some way to support her until she got on her feet or found the prince she’s been looking for. The narrator described snow as a hard working young lady. She cooked, cleaned, and with the help of the animals she even redecorated the dwarf’s home. The prince in the narrator’s point of view is the one who knew what he was looking for he just didn’t know where to look for it until that day he found the little house sitting in the woods not knowing that he would find the love of his life lying in a glass casket. Although he wasn’t talked about much in this story, the narrator viewed him as brave young man who saved the most fairly of them all, and he was. Now the dwarfs in the narrator’s point of view were Johnson pg. 4 snow’s little helpers. Even though she found them first and kind of took over their home, they were still willing to let her in. They were sort of like her foster parents, how they looked after her and cared for her. Snow White has many descriptions on the actions that both sex in the story. For instance when the prince found snow she wasn’t in your typical big puffy ball gown dancing around the room with other women and she just so happen to stand out him. She was lying dead in a coffin made of glass and he fell in love with her there. When someone actually thinks about a prince finding his princess they don’t see him randomly going into the woods to find a coffin with a beautiful young lady lying their lifeless. She is supposed to be alive waiting on him to come to her home and take her as his wife. Princesses are to dressed in the most exquisite dresses and the long hair flowing down her back having everything she wants, snow wasn’t like that. Snow had on the simple little dress with short hair and in the story it seems like she didn’t actually get everything she wanted. She went through hell to get the man of her dreams from running from the hunter to the poison apple, even losing her mother when she a little girl. In society today the royal court isn’t really like the story at all. They don’t really have to work or do chores. Snow had to clean up after seven dirty men every day, that’s not a typical princess. Also when the queen dies and the king does remarry he doesn’t just put his child aside and worry only about his new wife. Snow’s father isn’t mentioned in this story really at all as if he just left soon as the mother died. Kind of like now how some kids start off with their father then one day he just up and disappears. The queen hiring someone to kill her stepchild, that Johnson pg. 5 doesn’t happen in the world today. The queen doesn’t really have the power to order someone be killed because it’s the king’s job. Snow found the dwarfs home in the woods and just walked in and started cleaning and eating, basically making herself at home. The dwarf’s come home expecting their home to be exactly the way it was when the left not for it to be cleaned, food cooked and for a strange woman to be in as if she belong there. In society today she would have went to jail for breaking and entering. The roles in this story are completely different not only in the world today, but from any other fairy there is today. The women actually took charge and worked for what they wanted. And as for the men they set back and watch the women proceed through out day to day making sure everything that needs to be done gets done, not your everyday royal family.

The Giver’s Compassion for Jonas :: The Giver Essays

The Giver’s Compassion for Jonas Jonas’ community is ordered and ruled. Everything is same: their clothes, houses and lives. People follow the rules until they die. They know nothing about the true human life. The receiver of memory, the giver, is the only person who is able to the true pleasure of life. When Jonas is elected as the receiver of memory by the community and meets the Giver, his life is changed. Everything he believes in was controlled and hidden the real human life by the community. He is getting to realize that he will not be able to stay in the community any more and starts to find his own and comfort place. I would like to focus on describing the Giver’ compression for Jonas because I do think that this book can not be described without him. In the book, the Giver is described as an old man, always staying and keeping his sadness for the community alone. He is the only person who really knows what is going on in the community and its people. His role is to give the community advice and help, when they face something that they have not experienced. The community needs the Giver, even thought they have a long history, already fixed its structure, rarely ask the Giver advice. â€Å"They know nothing,† The Giver said bitterly (p.105). He feels sad and helpless for the community, because they reject to have memory and choose painless and predictable life. Memory includes not only in sadness, pain, and evil of human life but also in real happiness and pleasure of human life. The Giver likes to have the memory, however he feels loneliness not to share the memory with people, regret to receive the memory, and bitterness that the community would keep this condition forever. He can not find out the possibility to chang e the entire community. Even though Jonas asked the Giver to come with him, he can not escape form the place and has to take care of the community (p.161-162). The Giver’s compassion in the story is not only for the community but also for Jonas. He must be confused and struggling because he already knows the train will be hard and control the most important parts of the human, which includes the feelings like love, warmth, sadness, patience, and pleasure.

Is Corruption free India Possible? Essay

Even after 62 years of India’s independence, the plight of common man has worsened. Corrupt public servants, corrupt judges, corrupt police, etc are proving to be parasites leading 5-star lifestyles at taxpayer’s expense. They in their greed for money, bribe are aiding & abetting terrorists, separatists, naxalites, underworld mafia, etc covertly & overtly, backstabbing our motherland. These corrupt public servants are crueler than Jalianwallah Bagh butcher General Dyer of British army. If Mahatma Gandhi was alive today, he would have been disgusted with the present way of democratic government, functioning of public servants & would have died heart broken. If our freedom martyrs like sri.Bhagath Singh or Sri. Madan Lal Dingra or Sri.Subhash Chandra Bose would have been alive; they would have given a befitting reply to this corrupt police, corrupt judges, and public servants. Whenever, a common man raises his voice for justice, he is silenced in various ways by the criminal nexus. The said criminal nexus has previously tried to silence me in many ways including attempts to murder, closure of newspaper etc. We can when we develop our roads n infrastructure we can control lot. On the other hand we should have eye old vehicles which are polluting lot n share autos too. I dont think so becuase it requires a lot of political will to impose anti pollution laws. And this political will is what is absent. Mere laws wouldnt suffice in a country with an overflowing population as ours, what we need is strict†¦ I THINK COPPUPTION IS BIG PROBLEM IN GROWING COUNTRY I THINK WE ALL RESPONCEBLE FOR THIS BECAUSE WE ALL USE A SHORTCUT FOR OUR WORK WE KNOW IS THIS A WRONG WAY BUT WE CLOSE OUR EYES & AFTER WE ARE PART OF COPPUPTION PLEASE FRIENDS STOP THIS & SOPPERT SELF FOR A MADE OF BATTER INDIA, THANKS FRIENDS FOR SOPPURT INDIA (NAMASKAR) Essay Improper and usually unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another. Its forms include bribery, extortion, and the misuse of inside information. It exists where there is community indifference or a  lack of enforcement policies. In societies with a culture of ritualized gift giving, the line between acceptable and unacceptable gifts is often hard to draw. The last two decades of the existence of independence, India has seen a steep upward trend in the graph of existing corruption. The media, the public, the variety of forums for discussions and debates for the higher intelligentsia are all neck deep buried in highlighting the rampant corruption in every sphere. In this debate the rural folk are also not far behind. These days they are also very well aware of the malpractices in the highest of levels of all places. So much so that now, the average Indian has reached the highest level of disgust and disappointment at the way things are moving in this country. Let us first of all understand what is meant by corruption and corrupt practices. In brief, anything that is below all standard norms of morality in a country, is called or defined as corruption and corrupt practices. These norms are a fixed standard in any given society, and when these are broken we say that, a society is getting corrupted. This corruption as we see it today is not a development that has come overnight, it has been a continuous process for the last several decades and, to – day it has seeped into the very blood stream of the system. What we have to study next is, why and how this monster of corruption has taken such a firm hold on India so much so that, the country of the legendary Harischandra, the honest has reached the position of one of the top ten or so of corrupt countries of the world. This is no mean achievement, and has taken a few decades to fructify. It is not that, corruption did not exist earlier, it is not that to – day there are no honest people, then why do we all yes, I say all feel that, corruption is rampant everywhere and all the time. This is because of the simple reason that this malady has spread through the entire length and breadth of our social fabric and gone down to the deepest levels. How has this come to be? Would be quite a pertinent question. The corrupt practices have now become our lifestyle to such an extent that, we do not seem to feel that there is anything wrong in what all we are doing., and that things should not be as they are. We, on the contrary are inclined to justify all wrong saying that, without doing wrong we cannot exist or be functional. When we start thinking that corruption is a must, then I feel that the situation has reached a point of no correction. This present apathy shows how far the degradation of  our values have reached, and how low the system has dipped. When we start justifying all the wrongs we do, it is the beginning of the end., as, we are not only doing wrong, we are at the same time thinking that it is correct, then where can the scope be for correction? It would be rather interesting to note and specify as to how this process of continuous degeneration started, for it is the root that grows into a magnum tree. It is thus of great value to know who put the seed that grew into this poisonous tree. In this connection, it is understand that, this degeneration started from the top echelons of society, and then percolated downwards, without a hurdle. Who is at the top or the apex of our society? It is the set of people who have all the power that is invested in them by, us the people. Now, it is for the goodwill of this top layer of society to give the country’s society the trend it deems fit. Now, this layer at the top has been the politician who rules the country, and to say that the seeds of India’s corruption were sown by this class of our society, which has been at the helm of affairs of the country and today they have brought us to this point of no return as far as corruption is concerned. Where are politicians like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and above all, the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi? It appears that India has stopped producing men and women of such integrity. Perhapse the breed of such politicians and other men have stopped taking birth. Where is that erstwhile political party, the Indian National Congress, that loyally fought for the freedom of the country, where is the discipline to follow the clarion call of Mahatma Gandhi? All it seems to have been lost, and the same Congress that fought against foreign rule and ousted the foreigners is now all set to install a foreigner as the head of Independent India. What has all this come to, what can be the implications of a foreigner as the head of the state seem to be lost to this Congress which worked to oust the foreigners – what a degradation of values. Have we Indians lost all self respect that we ourselves invite a foreigner to rule us? I dareasay we have become so immune to all finer feelings that we do not mind doing anything as long as we meet our ends. All this is the ugliest face of the corruption in India. All our ethics, our self respect and love for our motherland is lost somewhere in the last fifty years. Today we are standing at the threshold of a new millennium with, the eerstwhile Indian National Congress and many other parties without a single leader of stature. What does this show that, in the span of more than century, Congress has failed to produce a single leader, leave alone a leader of the stature of Sardar Patel and the like. Today the sets of politicians of all political parties are just money spinning actors just working to establish estates for their seven generations. The vision of a great India in the yes of the freedom fighters has been lost somewhere in our move in the last fifty years. When the oldest political party, the Congress presents such a dismal picture of honesty loyalty and service, what can be said or expected from the other much younger political parties. They are all bound to follow the footsteps of this erstwhile conglomerate of greedy money spinning politicians. Today, all the new political parties are following the path tread by the elder brother, the Congress, resulting in a mushroom growth of political parties all of the set pattern with no goals, no ethics, no ideals and no ideologies. This level being the highest level of our society is seen to have become most corrupt in the last two decades and the public is very well aware of the multi-scam decades of the eighties and nineties. Now, the scenario at the very top, can hardly allow for any space for any honesty to persist in any other layer of society. So, from this topmost layer, corruption has percolated to all levels and in all spheres of activities, and all this sure enough because it suits the politician. The politician has encouraged the bureaucrat to be corrupt, and in turn the bureaucrat has enjoyed the protection of the politician, in all his nefarious activities. From the senior bureaucrat the virus of corruption has slowly and steadily seemed down to the lowest levels of functionaries. This has become a totally corrupt and incorrigible institution. The Indian society in all its entirety is corrupt to the core, and now corruption is like a drug, without which the addict finds it difficult to survive. With this slow and steady and continuous spread of the fangs of corruption, today the situation is such that, there is no place or activity which is bereft of the fruits of corruption. Now, corruption has become our way of life and to uproot it is a Herculean task. The tentacles of corruption can be dealt with only with an iron hand, and above all, must start cleaning from the top echelons of society. However, as we have seen umpteen times, this does not happen. Our experience shows that, as soon as a big name is involved in any corruption case, there is a lot of hullabulloo for some time, and it all dies down with  the passage of time and the corruption continues unabated. How does this happen? This is very obvious for all those who have to be at the clearing end are bought, so, no damage can ever come to the so called high ups. This is the main reason why there is never any breakthrough in any scam. In this situation it will be a wonder if anything tangible can really be achieved for, the high ups cannot be touched, and the lower formations need not be touched – so we remain where we were at the beginning of any case. The scams which have come to light in last one decade have amounted to multi – crores, they are being dealt with but, it is so shocking that no politician has yet been punished for siphoning off so much of wealth of a poor country, what can be expected in a country when its protectors themselves become criminals. When the senior can not be punished how can there be any cleaning at the bottom. It would not even be fair to punish the lower rungs of the ladder when the higher rungs continue to bask in the sunshine of their riches. The way in which these cases are being dealt with clearly indicate that no one will be hurt as, all those, yes all those who matter are involved in corruption. So, at present, the situation is of â€Å"who will bell the cat?† Everyone knows who the corrupt are but, the irony of our system is such that no one can be touched. If this situation remains any longer, it is a wonder if there could be any light at the end of the tunnel. India is reaping what it has sown, and the seed of corruption has grown up into a full size magnum tree which perhapse cannot be changed, replaced or cut. It appears thus that for the time being at least, we have to bear with it. Only God can do some magic. Irrespective of the status of the wrong doer everyone, big or small, high or low, must be dealt with an iron hand, and that also at a fast speed. What is the use of just a show of dealings against corruption, while in reality all cases are just quietly shelved banking on the fact that, public memory is very short. All these cases are just a farce into which now, the Indian public an not be very easily fooled. At present there is no remedy for this tragic situation we are in, except pray to God that, HE gives unto us a dictator who is capable enough to deal with this ogre of corruption with a strong hand or else it appears that we are doomed to drown in the deepest depths of corruption and that, we will soon find it impossible to come out of the labarynth knit around us by our own men – yes our own men. Corruption in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Political corruption in India is a major concern.[1] A 2005 study done by Transparency International (TI) in India found that more than 50% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.[1] Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually US$5 billion in bribes.[2] For 2010, India was ranked 87th of 178th countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, which was a huge setback from the preceding year. Criminalization of Indian politics is a problem.[3][4] In July 2008 The Washington Post reported that nearly a fourth of the 540 Indian Parliament members faced criminal charges, â€Å"including human trafficking, immigration rackets, embezzlement, rape and even murder†.

A needs assess Gap Analysis on Kaiser Permanente Essay

Kaiser Permanente refers to healthcare consortium that offers prepaid Medicare services. Rising from humble beginnings in 1945, the non profit has flourished from a privately centered medical care to accommodate even the public. It was founded by physician R. Garfied and industrialist Henry Kaiser (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). The hospital has ridden over a hostile environment to become a leading non profit health institution providing services to over 9.1 million members. The institution has its headquarters in Oakland, California in the United States. Kaiser Permanente constitutes a trio of the Permanente Medical Groups, the Kaiser Foundation Hospitals as well as subsidiaries and the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Incorporation. Overall, the Kaiser Permanente Health Foundation had 7654 beds as at 31st December 2012 scattered over the District of Columbia and nine states in the U.S.A. The health plan membership totals to over 8.3 million. Still, the hospital maintains a sizeable labor force of about 11,000 physicians scattered in 415 medical offices and 30 medical centers. As at last year, the hospital’s operating revenues grossed $22.5 billion. The Kaiser Permanente Foundation operates on four major premises, namely: A physician team practice to realize maximum abilities to nurse and care for patients Prepaid health plans structured along spreading of costs to ensure affordability across the social classes Concentration on prevention of illness relative to caring for the patients A formally structured delivery system to hold as many services as it can hold under one roof (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). The following tabulation presents the membership of the foundation by region as at 31st December 2012 (Abelson, 2013). Region Membership Southern California 3,594,848 Northern California 3,403,871 Colorado 540,442 Northwest (Oregon /Washington) 484,349 Mid Atlantic States (MD, VA, DC) 481,755 Hawaii 224,591 The following tabulation showcases Kaiser Permanente Foundation local markets by each of eight regions (Abelson, 2013). Northern California Southern California Georgia Hawaii Mid Atlantic States Oregon/ Washington Central Valley Coachella Valley Atlanta Oahu Washington D.C Portland Diablo Kern Valley Athens Kauai Northern Virginia Salem East Bay Orange Valley Hawaii Suburban Maryland Vancouver, Wash Fresno Inland Empire Maui Baltimore Longview/ Kelso, Wash Greater Southern Alameda Metro Los Angeles/ West Los Angeles Marin/ Sonoma San Diego County Napa/ Solano Tri-Central Area Colorado Roseville Denver Sacramento Colorado Springs San Francisco Boulder San Jose Pueblo San Mateo Santa Clara South Sacramento It is evident from the above tabulation that Kaiser Permanente has a stronger presence in the urban areas in each of the nine states as compared to rural presence. Nonetheless, it is commendable on the foundation’s expansion to cover regions outside its core geographic markets (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). However, it is evident that the expansion trajectory seeks to serve the proximate markets. The Foundation has 38 hospitals, 611 medical offices and outpatient facilities, 16,942 physicians compri9sing of a blend of different specialties and 48,701 differently blended mixes of specialist nurses. Therefore, the foundation employs a total of 174,259 employees comprising of administrative, technical and clerical care givers and laborers as at 31st December 2013 (Abelson, 2013). The hospital maintains an online presence with a platform in which clients and employers manage their accounts. Online customer account services are offered freely meaning that the foundation does not charge. Member terminations as well as demographic changes are updated immediately. This gives the institution a competitive advantage over its rivals. Part II Needs Assessment/ Gap Analysis on Kaiser Permanente                      At present, Kaiser Permanente is criticized for failing to have facilities, resources or policies to conduct a number of services. Additionally, where critical services are offered, the facility features as lazy to act exposing the patients to delay in diagnosis. The hospital is often accused of prolonged diagnosis period preferring available formal diagnosis rather than recommending specialized and expensive diagnosis so as to contain costs. Furthermore, the institution prefers cheaper dispute resolution mechanism such as arbitration. This process may take prolonged time and has often sparkled criticism. For instance, Wilfredo Engalla succumbed to lung cancer five months after submitting an arbitration demand. Consequently, the Supreme Court of California awarded his spouse $500,000 as damages from Kaiser Permanente (Abelson, 2013). Still, The Huffington Post accuses the institution of overburdening its staff resulting to sloppy work (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). This occurs even when the company rackets billions of dollars in profits. Sadly, mental health patients contend with a prolonged wait for appointment at the institution’s California facility. Upon meeting the doctor, the meeting lasts briefly, therefore, receiving brief consultations. Finally, the patient ends up in a group therapy set up comprising of 20 members under the astute of a single clinician, in spite of a one on one clinician session (Eichler, 2011). The report concluded by showing the cuts in mental health funding. California led the pack by cutting the mental health budget by $177.4 million out of the $1.7 billion mental health budget cuts. Moreover, Kaiser is accused of understaffing its various departments in spite of an inflationary membership. For instance, mental health patients are sloppily rushed through the treatment and rehabilitation process resulting to dire implications. Rushing is necessary in order to serve the over 6.6 million members (Eichler, 2011). Cases of misdiagnosis as well as wrong diagnosis and treatment cases have been reported in which some were catastrophic resulting to deaths. Kaiser’s violations of rules and regulations in kidney transplant regulations led to closure of the program (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). An investigative report by the Los Angeles Times revealed Kaiser Permanente’s mismanagement across the board on 3rd May 2006 (Eichler, 2011). Apparently, the facility had operated 56 transplants the previous with an alarming death of 112 patients while waiting for the operation. Kaiser Permanente realized financial savings through the delays in transplants. Consequently, the institution announced discontinuation of the practice on 13th May 2006 (Eichler, 2011). Most of the employees at Kaiser Permanente are members of various labor unions although the Medicine Doctors as well as the Osteopathic Medicine Doctors share in the for profit profits of the institution (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). Surprisingly, the California facilities witnessed 4 major strikes between 2011 and 2012. There were over 20,000 participants drawn from the institution’s mental health providers, nurses and other specialists (Eichler, 2011). Labor Unions constantly accused Kaiser Permanente for stalling negations deliberately in spite of the huge profits and a hefty pay to the C.E.O. The workers grievances included delayed care, poor staffing, and loss of medical insurance, pensions as well as other benefits. Based on the above criticism, it is indeed true that a gap subsists between Kaiser’s current performance and the projected. This part addresses solutions to the criticism based on social, legal and culture. Firstly, the modern world is fast paced and Kaiser must accommodate fast pacing in service delivery (Lawler, Boudreau, Mohrman, Mark, Neilson, & Osganian, 2006). Employee staffing, training, recruitment, retention, job function redesign will help address friction with labor unions (Kochan, 2009). Besides, competitive and equitably pegged remuneration will motivate employees to offer quality services. Recruiting more employees will help address the ballooning membership. Besides, training of employees on cultural accommodations of different patients will enhance positive reviews to Kaiser Permanente. Finally, Kaiser must embrace a law abiding organizational culture. This will reduce arbitrative litigations. Moreover, taking up a less materialistic approach to delivering serv ices is a crucial social factor that will enhance closing of the performance gap. Implementation of these policies involves three pertinent stakeholders in Kaiser Permanente. These include the patient, the caregiver and the ownership of Kaiser. The patient is the key stakeholder as s/he identifies helps identifies areas of improvement. For instance, the patient directs services to be offered based on the common illnesses and ailments. The caregiver professional is a crucial link in implementing the services and building on a solid reputation of Kaiser Permanente. The motivation and remuneration of caregivers determine their delivery of medical services to the client. Adequate staffing ensures that clients do not feel rushed, delayed or misdiagnosed (Kochan, 2009). Finally, the ownership of the institution is crucial because it will spearhead implementation of the policies. It is pivotal because it will approve, reject or hold implementation of these recommendations. Besides, the ownership will provide resources to steer through the implementation process. Communic ation will be crucial to achieving the set objectives. Besides, it will fine tune synergy and course of direction. Communication to the stakeholders will involve internal and external communication channels. Periodic meetings will appraise the owners and caregivers on the progress of the implementation. Brochures will be distributed from time to time to the patients sensitizing and informing them of the progress. An evaluation process will then follow to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Questionnaires will be administered to each of the three groups of stakeholders. The questionnaires will be structured to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention as well as requesting proposal for achieving further progresses. The intervention will deemed successful through satisfied and happy patient positive reviews from happily served, satisfied and recovered patients (Kochan, 2009). Besides, motivated, inspired and friendly caregiver labor force will signify a successful intervention. Higher earnings, more trophies and recognition of the institution in the public glare will foster a successful intervention to the owners. References Abelson, R. (2013, March 20). The Face of Future Health Care. Kaiser Permanente is seen as the future of healthcare. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/business/kaiser-permanente-is-seen-as-face-of-future-health-care.html?_r=0 Eichler, A. (2011, November 14). Kaiser Permanente Makes Billions In Profits While Overburdening Staff: Report. The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/14/kaiser-permanente-overburden_n_1092694.html Kochan, T. A. (2009). Healing together the labor-management partnership at Kaiser Permanente. Ithaca: ILR Press/Cornell University Press. Lawler, E. E., Boudreau, J. W., Mohrman, S. A., Mark, A. Y., Neilson, B., & Osganian, N. (2006). Achieving strategic excellence: an assessment of human resource organizations. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Business Books, an imprint of Stanford University Press. Source document

Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence The next time you walk into a classroom full of students leaping mid-air, painting passionately, singing soulfully, or writing madly, its likely you have Howard Gardners groundbreaking  Frame of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences  to thank. When Gardners theory on multiple intelligences came out in 1983, it radically transformed teaching and learning in the U.S. and around the world with the notion that  there is more than one way to learn -   in fact, there are at least eight! The theory was a huge departure from the more traditional banking method of education in which the teacher simply deposits knowledge into the learners mind and the learner must receive, memorize and repeat.   Instead, Gardner broke open the idea that a disengaged learner might learn better by using a different form of intelligence, defined as a biophysical potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture. This defied the previous consensus on the existence of a single, general intelligence or g factor that could be easily tested. On the contrary, Gardners theory posits that each of us has at least one dominant intelligence that informs how we learn. Some of us are more verbal or musical. Others are more logical, visual, or kinesthetic. Some learners are highly introspective while others learn through social dynamics. Some learners are especially attuned to the natural world whereas others are deeply receptive to the spiritual world.   Gardners 8 Intelligence   What exactly are the eight types of intelligence  posited in Howard Gardners theory? The seven original intelligence  are:   Visual-Aesthetic  learners think in terms of physical space and like to read or visualize their words.  Bodily-Kinesthetic  learners are keenly aware of their physical bodies and like creative movement and making things with their hands.  Musical  learners are sensitive to all kinds of sound and often access learning through or from music, however, one may define it.  Intrapersonal  learners are introspective and reflective. They learn through independent study and self-guided experiences.  Interpersonal learners learn through social interaction with others and enjoy group dynamics, collaboration, and encounters.Linguistic learners love language and words and enjoy learning through verbal expression.Logical-Mathematical  learners think conceptually, logically, and mathematically about the world and enjoy exploring patterns and relationships.   In the mid-1990s, Gardner added an eighth intelligence:   Naturalistic  learners have a sensitivity to the natural world and can easily relate to plant and animal life, enjoying  patterns found in the environment.   Theory in Practice: Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom For many educators and parents working with learners who struggled in traditional classrooms, Gardners theory came as a relief. While a learners intelligence was previously questioned when he or she found it challenging to grasp concepts, the theory pushed educators to recognize that each student has myriad potential. Multiple intelligences served as a call to action to differentiate learning experiences in order to accommodate the multiple modalities in any given learning context. By modifying the content, process, and expectations for a final product, teachers and educators can reach learners who otherwise present as reluctant or incapable. A student may dread learning vocabulary through test-taking but lighten up when asked to dance, paint, sing, plant, or build.   The theory invites a great deal of creativity in teaching and learning and over the last 35 years, arts educators, in particular, have used the theory to develop arts-integrated curricula that acknowledge the power of artistic processes to produce and share knowledge across core subject areas. Arts integration took off as an approach to teaching and learning because it taps artistic processes not only as subjects in and of themselves but also as tools for processing knowledge in other subject areas. For example, a verbal, social learner lights up when they learn about conflict in stories through activities like theater. A logical, musical learner stays engaged when they learn about math through music production.   In fact, Gardners colleagues at Project Zero at Harvard University spent years researching the habits of artists at work in their studios to discover how artistic processes may inform best practices in teaching and learning. Lead researcher  Lois Hetland and her team identified eight Studio Habits of Mind that can be applied to learning across the curriculum at any age with any kind of learner. From learning to use tools and materials to engage with complex philosophical questions, these habits release learners from the fear of failure and focus instead on the pleasures of learning.   Are There Limits to Containing Multitudes?   Multiple intelligences invite limitless possibilities for teaching and learning, but one of the biggest challenges is determining a learners primary intelligences in the first place. While many of us have an  instinct about how we prefer to learn, being able to identify ones dominant learning style can be a lifelong process that requires experimentation and adaptation over time.   Schools in the United States, as a reflection of society at large, often place imbalanced value on linguistic or logical-mathematical intelligence, and learners with intelligence in other modalities risk getting lost, undervalued, or ignored. Learning trends like experiential learning, or ‘learning by doing’ attempts to counter and correct this bias by creating the conditions to tap as many intelligence as possible in the production of new knowledge. Educators sometimes lament a lack of partnership with families and note that unless the theory extends to learning at home, the methods don’t always hold in the classroom and learners continue to struggle against stacked expectations.   Gardner also warns against labeling learners with any given intelligence over another or implying unintended hierarchies of value among the eight types of intelligence. While each of us may lean toward one intelligence over another, we also have the potential to change and transform over time. Multiple intelligences applied to teaching and learning contexts should empower rather than limit learners. On the contrary, the theory of multiple intelligences radically expands our immense and untapped potential. In the spirit of Walt Whitman, multiple intelligences reminds us that we are complex, and we contain multitudes.   Amanda Leigh Lichtenstein is a poet, writer, and educator from Chicago, IL (USA) who currently splits her time in East Africa. Her essays on arts, culture, and education appear in Teaching Artist Journal, Art in the Public Interest, Teachers Writers Magazine, Teaching Tolerance, The Equity Collective, AramcoWorld, Selamta, The Forward, among others. Visit her website.

Role of Courts in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Human Rights Act 19 Research Paper

Role of Courts in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Human Rights Act 1998 - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that the discrepancy created, in determining as to who constitutes a public authority, by the UK courts has adversely affected human rights protection. The failure of the courts to properly utilize the mandate given to them by Parliament, in this context, has proved to be unfair and biased towards individuals; thereby violating the provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998. As such the present status of the case law, in this regard, has proved to be irreconcilable with the objectives set out by Parliament. The Courts have been interpreting the provisions of section 6(3) (b) in a narrow way so that most of the organizations are not covered by the definition of Public Authority. The result is that the rights provided by the European Convention are not being implemented properly. Furthermore, courts are determining whether a regulatory body can be considered as a public authority, under the purview of s 6(3)(b), Human Rights Act, on the basis of their instit utional position. In the Aston Cantlow case, the House of Lords had opined that there was a need to adopt a different approach while dealing with important public authorities. This new approach was to be different from that adopted in cases involving functional agencies. Under Section 6(1) of the Human Rights Act, such core public authorities have to invariably ensure that the rights provided by the Convention are respected in their activities, irrespective of public or private activities. Section 6(3) (b) of the Human Rights Act stipulates that the core authorities are under an obligation to ensure that the rights of Convention had been adhered to in their public functions. According to Lord Hope, there should be a clear demarcation between the public and private functions of core authorities, as required by Section 6(3) (b) of the Human Rights Act. This particular section has wide applicability and is dependent to a large extent on the various factors involved in any particular ca se. The function performed by any particular authority determines whether that authority is a core public authority.

Health Disparities, Diversity, and Cultural Competence Assignment

Health Disparities, Diversity, and Cultural Competence - Assignment Example Various hospitals have been built to provide healthcare to people of different classes in the society. According to Shavers (2007), the socioeconomic status is the relative position of a person or community based on their access to wealth and prestige. The socioeconomic status influences health via its association with environmental exposure, lifestyle, and health behavior. The current income and occupation can enable a person to access a particular standard of healthcare. Another socioeconomic factor that impacts on health is education. Education has been evidenced to have a direct effect on a person’s professional development and career opportunities. As noted by Hillemeier et al. (2003), higher education levels are often predictive of better jobs, working conditions, neighborhoods, as well as medical care. On the contrary, low education is a projector of low living standards, volatile income, and poor health care access. Galama and Van Kippersluis (2010) add that this forms the low-income and high-income quartiles. In this regard, socioeconomic model of health disparities posits that the socio-economic status predicts the health status of a person. As a consequence, the health interventions are being developed to ensure equality in order to mitigate this disparity. Another effect is that some health interventions are tailored to cater for the high-end patients while certain programs are aimed at people of low income status in the society, bu t are of similar quality. Most states are providing coverage for children from low income families under Medicaid along with the State Children’s Health Insurance Program. Galama, T., & Van-Kippersluis, H. (2010). A theory of socioeconomic disparities in health over life cycle. Retrieved March 17, 2015, from